Hawksbill Sea Turtle Facts

Hawksbill Sea Turtle Facts The hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricate) has a beautiful carapace, which caused this turtle to be hunted nearly to extinction. Here you can learn about the natural history of this species.   Hawksbill Turtle Identification The hawksbill turtle grows to lengths of 3.5 feet long and weights of up to 180 pounds. Hawksbill turtles were named for the shape of their beak, which looks similar to the beak of a raptor. The hawksbill was prized for its shell, which was used in combs, brushes, fans and even furniture. In Japan, hawksbill shell is referred to as bekko. Now the hawksbill is listed under Appendix I in CITES, which means that trade for commercial purposes is banned. In addition to its beautiful shell and hawklike beak, other identifying features of the hawksbill turtle include overlapping scutes, and 4 lateral scutes on each side of its carapace, a narrow, pointed head, and two visible claws on their flippers.   Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ReptiliaOrder: TestudinesFamily: CheloniidaeGenus: EretmochelysSpecies: imbricate Habitat and Distribution Hawksbill turtles occupy a large range that stretches throughout all but the worlds coldest waters. They travel hundreds of miles between feeding and nesting grounds. Major nesting grounds are in the Indian Ocean (e.g., Seychelles, Oman), Caribbean (e.g., Cuba, Mexico), Australia, and Indonesia. Hawsbills  forage around  coral reefs,  seagrass beds, near  mangroves  and in muddy lagoons. Feeding A study by Dr. Anne Meylan of the Florida Marine Research Institute showed that 95% of a hawksbills diet is made up of sponges (read more about hawksbill diet). In the Caribbean, these turtles feed on more than 300 sponge species. This is an interesting food choice - sponges have a skeleton made of needle-shaped spicules (made of silica, which is glass, calcium or protein), which essentially means, as James R. Spotila said in his book Sea Turtles, a hawkbills stomach is filled with small glass shards. Reproduction Female hawksbills nest on beaches, often under trees and other vegetation. They lay about 130 eggs at a time, and this process takes 1-1.5 hours. They will go back out to sea for 13-16 days before laying another nest. Hatchlings weigh .5 ounce when they hatch, and then spend their first 1-3 years at sea, where they may live on rafts of Sargassum. During this time they eat algae, barnacles, fish eggs, tunicates and crustaceans. When they reach 8-15 inches, they move closer to shore, where they eat primarily sponges as they grow larger. Conservation Hawksbill turtles are listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Redlist. The list of threats to hawsbills is similar to that of the other 6 turtle species. They are threatened by harvesting (for their shell, meat and eggs), although trade bans seem to be helping the population. Other threats include habitat destruction, pollution, and bycatch in fishing gear. Sources CITES. Status of Trade in Hawksbill Turtles (Online). CITES Web Site. Accessed February 20, 2011, as of August 2015, no longer accessible.Mortimer, J.A Donnelly, M. 2008. Eretmochelys imbricata (Online) IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Accessed on February 20, 2011.NOAA Fisheries. Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). Accessed August 10, 2015.Spotila, James R. Sea Turtles: A Complete Guide to Their Biology, Behavior and Conservation 2004. The Johns Hopkins University Press.Turtles.org The Atlantic Green Turtle (Online). Accessed February 16, 2011.Waller, Geoffrey, ed. SeaLife: A Complete Guide to the Marine Environment. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C. 1996.

Literally the Worst Mistake You Could Ever Make

Literally the Worst Mistake You Could Ever Make Literally the Worst Mistake You Could Ever Make Literally the Worst Mistake You Could Ever Make By Guest Author If most peoples employment of the word â€Å"literally† doesnt drive you mad, youre probably guilty of a few misuses yourself. Its one of the most common complaints of the grammar-savvy. Responding to our post on â€Å"Blackboard Moments† those usages of speech that provoke the same response as fingernails on a blackboard – Abbie points out one of her least favorite tropes of modern language: â€Å"Literally† replacing the word â€Å"very† in a sentence. I know someone who says â€Å"literally† several times in a row, when she wants to emphasize how â€Å"very† something is. One day I will have to shoot her. One hopes that Abbie isnt being literal here. Along with that other frequent offender, â€Å"basically,† the word â€Å"literally† is often mistakenly employed to provide emphasis for a word or phrase that might otherwise go overlooked: â€Å"literally furious,† â€Å"literally champing at the bit,† â€Å"literally scared me half to death.† As anyone reading this no doubt knows, correct use of the word â€Å"literally† literally looks almost nothing like this. Its a value-neutral term absent of any inherent emphasis or largesse. Correctly, â€Å"literally† should be used when a turn of phrase usually employed in a metaphorical sense enjoys a rare moment of non-metaphorical applicability: the phrase becomes true in a literal, words-meaning-exactly-what-they-say sense. If we know that â€Å"waiting with bated breath,† for instance, originates in Shakespeares allusion to someone whose breathing has stopped (or abated) in their anxiety, we might say we were â€Å"literally waiting with bated breath† if we had cause to hold our breath for an extended period of time. With our communications increasingly conceptual and metaphor-laden, more and more terms enjoy frequent non-literal use. In an online environment filled with abstract concepts and non-corporeal action, metaphorical language is particularly prevalent: â€Å"rolling out new features,† â€Å"clearing my inbox,† â€Å"laughing out loud.† Add to this the blurred boundary between idiom and clichà © and you have a language rife with metaphor. Those of us attuned to the true meaning of â€Å"literally† may jump at the chance to say something like â€Å"I literally jumped at the chance,† but be wary that youre not falling into the same trap as the misusers: using â€Å"literally† to convey emphasis, instead of simply finding a stronger word to make your point. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Comparison of emerging technology Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparison of emerging technology - Thesis Example In client-side data storage, there are a lot of risks involved. First of all, client side data storage is triggered by web application and this data storage is user specific. This implies that most caching mechanisms are not treated as client side storage. In client side data storage, the storage space is limited by the browser and most of the time it impacts generic data rather than user specific data. In cloud computing, data is stored on multiple virtual servers generally hosted by different third parties. It is not stored on dedicated servers. In cloud computing, hosting companies operate with large data center and people who want to host their data buy storage capacity from these companies. There are no storage capacity constraints in this. Mainframes have many different types of data stored in them. These can be in the form of flat files, relational databases, non relational databases and specialized file systems. These are just a chosen few examples of the different ways in which data are stored on mainframes. Each of these data types require different methods for data access as a result of which highly specialized skills are needed for developing methods. In personal computers, data access from memory has gradually evolved over the years. Initially semi-conductor memory was used. This memory is on an integrated circuit or chip. It is referred to as random access memory or RAM and allows data to be accessed randomly. Dynamic random access memory or DRAM is a very common type of random access memory for most personal computers. Static random access memory or SRAM does not have to be refreshed. Data access revolves around the client-server model on client/server computer architecture. Data access varies according to different organizations. Users accessing banking services from their computer use web browser client to send request to web server at a bank. In this the program forwards the request to a database client program which in turn sends a

Law of obligation learning portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of obligation learning portfolio - Essay Example 1996). The law of obligation under the Roman law was expressed in the form of contracts. There were different forms of contract which were all incorporated with religious elements due to the fact that Roman law evolved through and under the college of pontiffs and priestly caste. Jus jurandnm was the most solemn of all oaths, and should the one who made the promise fail to perform his duty, he will be then in danger of receiving penalty in the form of excommunication. The less harsh of these oaths was the sponsio on which the promisor would pour out the libation of wine while calling upon gods to witness upon his promise. Over time the religious elements have gone and the power of the State prevailed, this has become the formal stipulatio which was done in formal question and answer. The earliest Roman contract now was formed called the nexum. It was done by means of money and scale, in the presence of five witnesses and librepens who held the official scale. The transaction will take plac e by means of symbolic sale, on which during this moment there will be a dialogue between the promisor and the promisee. Without these symbolisms the contract will be regarded as void. This was a loan and the debtor was in serious consequences should he fail to follow through his debt (Page W.H. 1919). A formal contract then became part of Roman law where one party would perform a specific action and the other party would be expected to fulfill an obligation. These actions should well up from the mutual intention of both parties to enter into an agreement. There were four forms of these contracts: (1) the mutuum which means a transfer of property to the debtor to be repaid by the debtor in kind to the creditor (2) the commodatum which was a gratuitous loan, (3) the depositum which was the transfer of property for the purpose of gratuitous safekeeping and last (4) the pignus or pledge, this was done by transferring a property by the debtor to

Olive Cotton Essay Example for Free

Olive Cotton Essay Olive cotton is an Australian photographer who produced magnificent photography for over 60 years. She was born on 11 July 1911 in Hornsby, Sydney. On her 11th birthday Olive Cotton was given a Kodak camera from her father who taught her all the basics of photography. Her father helped her turn the home laundry into a dark room to produce photographs. Cotton had no prior experience with photography. In her darkroom Cotton processed films and produced her first black and white image. While on holidays with her family in Newport Beach Cotton met Max Dupain, whom she later married for two years in 1939, and they became friends, sharing a passion for photography. In 1941 Olive Cotton was asked to manage Dupains studio while he was called to service in war, she accepted and worked as a professional photographer. Olive Cotton got remarried and moved away to Cowra. When she moved away from Dupains studio Cotton did not have access to a dark room for twenty years, but continued to take photos. She later had a child and opened a small photographic studio. Cotton is noted as one of Australia’s most notorious photographers and visual artists with her work show casing in Australia and multiple international exhibitions. Cotton passed away in the first week of October 2003. Vapour Trail 1991 In this image Cotton has captured a surreal moment. The use of black and white exaggerates the scene and gives of a cold and dark feeling. The photo Vapour Trail 1991 was taken from a low angle shot. Taking the image from this angle allows Cotton to include the vapour trail and the clouds in the sky and environment around it. The vapour trail which runs from the top right corner to the bottom left corner give a deep depth of field, the trail has a rough, grainy texture throughout it and consists of many distorted lines. The light source is coming from the bottom right highlighting the clouds. Also included in the photograph is a line of trees and shrubs in the foreground. The foreground is very dark and blacked out with no lighting, only showing the outline of the trees and shrubs. In the background there is a large body of water and another line of trees, shrubs and land. The top right corner is faded into darkness. My gaze focuses at the top of the image and trails down along the vapour trail to where I noticed the trees and the bright lighting coming through the faded clouds. I really like how the lighting in the corner outlines the trees and shrubs leaving the fill black. Fashion shot, Cronulla Sandhill’s 1937 Fashion shot by Olive Cotton consists of many elements. The photo is in black and white consisting mostly of bright shades giving of a very happy mood. Cotton has taken the photograph at a long shot and eyelevel shot. Using these types of shots allowed her to involve the full body of the model, her first husband (Max Dupain), the sky, sand and the distant shore line. The model in the centre of the image wearing a flowing dress is the first place I laid my eyes on. Due to the way the models arm is bent the next place my eyes lead to is Dupain Photographing the model for a magazine shoot. The image also includes the natural foot prints imbedded into the white luscious sand. The ripples and prints in the sand continue in to the shadows of the model and Dupain. The foreground of the image is very clear with even lighting throughout it. The background of the photograph includes a cloudy sky and a shore line of dark trees in the distance. Judging by the shadows the lighting comes from the left side of the image causing the entire centre of the image to be brighter while the top boarders are very dark. I really like the way Cotton has taken a photo in the moment; I also enjoy the Polaroid framing and free hand script on the border. Olive Cotton is a brilliant photography who can take a simple object and make it a beautiful piece of art with it. Even without having and official education in photography, Cotton has produced some of Australia’s most well-known and notorious images in history.

On the Road to New York :: Personal Narrative Traveling Essays

On the Road to New York There is a funny thing that happens when you travel. The people are all the same. Sure they may talk with a slightly different accent, and they may dress just slightly differently, and may think just slightly differently. In the end they are basically the same thing, a human being. I recently took a trip. I was going to a conference in Ithaca NY. Round trip is approximately 3000 miles. Driving time is 20 hours one way. I drove it all by myself in as little time as possible. I ended up taking 24 hours to do it. It is quite a rigorous challenge to do it all in one shot. I can classify the terrain into basically three things that you see: plains, woods, and hills. Sometimes you would see an area that combined woods and hills, but that was usually in a mountainous area. Along the whole route you would switch back and forth between these three characteristics. ND and eastern MN are plains. Central and Western MN and Wisconsin are mostly heavy woods with some lakes. On the plains the highway was pretty straight. Once you got to the woody areas, curves like no ones business. In Wisconsin the trees were son think that they had to cut a swath out just for the interstate crossovers that the HP use to change directions. This patch that was cut out was about fifty meter long. There was a patch of asphalt that was thrown down between the two highways which were about 30 meters apart. The green tops of the evergreens contrasted with the light brown tree trunks which extended up at least 60 feet. There were some small patches of green grass that filled in betwee n the trees and the concrete of the highway. Every fifth exchange a brown Highway Patrol car with a pale yellow stripe down the middle and a low profile light bar would be sitting waiting for the next speeder. Maybe this helps them to blend in? Oddly enough my radar detector never went off. Were they just there to present the threat of being stopped? When I got out of Wisconsin Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania pretty much look like ND. When you get to Chicago however things take a very different turn. Everything turns into an industrial style. Concrete everywhere, toll booths every 25 miles or so, no seemingly familiar sites other than a slightly wider patch of concrete called the interstate.

Volcanic and Seismic Events Are Major Pieces of Evidence Towards

â€Å"Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that the plate tectonic theory is valid† Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement (40). The theory of plate tectonics explains the structure and motion of the Earth’s lithosphere. The theory states that the Earth’s crust is split into large sections called tectonic plates, and these move relative to one another creating boundaries at which the plates converge, diverge or move past each other.These plates are either continental or oceanic and are powered by convection currents, which is the circular movement of magma that comes from within the mantle. These currents are powered by the core, which heats the magma, causing it to rise, cool and fall back down. This circular motion causes the plates, which float on the mantle, to move. In 1912, Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, was the first man to state that the continents were once joined in a super continent called Pangaea, conversely he couldn’t explain why and what happened to cause the plates to move apart.He based his theory on the extraordinary fit of the South American and African continent coastlines. Notably the eastern edge of South America and the western edge of Africa showed very similar geological features suggesting that at some point in the Earth’s history the landmasses were joined together. Another indicator that the continents were once distributed differently was geological evidence of glaciations in India – it is unlikely that glaciers could ever reach such low latitudes, but this problem can easily be explained by the theory of continental drift.Fossil distribution also provided some of the earliest evidence for plate tectonics. Interestingly, plant and animal fossils were found on the matching coastlines of South America and Africa. These are now widely separated by the Atlantic Ocean, therefore he reasoned that is physically impossible for most of t hese organisms to have swum or have been transported across the wide oceans. From this he suggested that the plates were once connected. Unfortunately, at the time of Wegner’s work many of the geophysical tools that are used today did not exist making the theory much more difficult to support.Since the original theory in 1912, newer evidence has appeared which supports the theory. In 1962 Hess studied the age of rocks around the mid-Atlantic ridge. He discovered that the newest rocks were closest to the ridge and the oldest were towards the USA and Caribbean. He therefore reasoned that the earth’s crust was expanding along the oceanic ridges, so it must be shrinking elsewhere. According to Hess, the Atlantic Ocean was expanding while the Pacific Ocean was shrinking. The old oceanic crust was consumed in the trenches causing new magma to rise and erupt along the spreading ridges to form a new crust.He explained why the earth doesn’t get bigger with sea floor spre ading and why there is so little sediment accumulation on the ocean floor, and why oceanic rocks are so much younger than continental ones. Paleomagnetism is one of the strongest pieces of evidence for plate tectonic theory and was developed to convince scientists of the theories validity. Basalt lava forms volcanoes when it rises to the surface, cools and then forms land. When new crust is formed certain minerals align themselves with the Earth’s magnetic field.Fascinatingly, new technology has shown that the magnetic field of the Earth is known to reverse every few hundred thousand years. So this implies new material is constantly being produced and the sea floor is spreading. However, as the Earth is not changing in size, material is being destroyed in other areas which are called subduction zones, and the position of the Earth’s crust must be constantly changing. Seismic activity can also tell us a great deal about plate tectonics. Plotting the locations of large e arthquakes allows us to see where they most frequently occur.Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. The plates move past each other which causes friction causing pressure to build up resulting in sudden jolts. This only happens on plate boundaries meaning areas that lie on them experience the most intense earthquakes. The fact that earthquakes appear in connected lines as opposed to clusters is good evidence for the theory of global plate tectonics. Volcanic events are also useful as they provide good evidence for the theory of plate tectonics.Similarly to earthquakes, plotting the locations of active volcanoes on a map of the world will also be useful as it will show a similar pattern. The three main places where volcanoes are created are at subduction zones, constructive plate boundaries and in hotspots, with around 75% of the world’s volcanoes being located on the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’. The area where two plates converge is called a subduc tion zone, here one plate is pushed underneath the other due to differing in density. This results in magma rising up to form volcanoes or volcanic island arcs.At constructive plate boundaries, new material is created by magma rising through the crack. The fact that volcanoes in certain areas have different types of eruption provides good evidence for plate tectonic theory. All the above reasons suggest that the theory is valid. However, there are some anomalies which go against the theory. Not all volcanoes occur on plate boundaries, some occur on hotspots which are areas where the mantle is particularly hot, causing it to rise and create volcanoes on the crust above.This suggests that plate tectonics theory may not be valid as volcanoes can exist without the theory being correct. Hawaii is a notable example of an active hotspot – the islands are volcanic yet lie in the middle of the Pacific plate. It is part of a chain of extinct volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean which decrease in both age and size as you move north-west. Since the hotspot is created by the underlying mantle this suggests that the crust is moving over this hotspot meaning the volcanoes eventually become extinct and eroded away.Since Wegener’s first theory, there is now a great deal of evidence to support the theory of plate tectonics. Seismic and volcanic events can provide lots of evidence to support the theory, although much of it requires tools which were not available when the theory was first developed such as accurate methods of mapping earthquakes. This made it difficult to prove the theory of plate tectonics as there were no hard facts. Although others may disagree, there are large amounts of evidence to prove the theory and so in my opinion the theory is a valid method.

Mkt 421 Wk 1 Individual

Marketing Definitions MKT 421 November 27, 2012 Marketing, what is it? And how is it defined? Marketing is sometimes difficult to grasp for the average person. Though, in the business world marketing is extremely important. Defining marketing and the marketing mix gives a great overview of how understanding marketing and the processes involved are important for a successful organization. Many may have the general idea of what marketing is, but looking it at a micro level brings to play many more aspects that the average eye may not see.A lot more goes into marketing and for myself marketing is what gets the consumers to buy into the product. In the book, Basic Marketing: A marketing plan strategy approach states, â€Å"Marketing is the performance of activities that seek to accomplish an organization’s objectives by anticipating customer or client needs and directing a flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to customer or client† (Basic Marketing: A ma rketing plan strategy approach, 2011).Whereas The Columbia Encyclopedia says, â€Å"Marketing includes the activities of all those engaged in the transfer of goods from producer to consumer—not only those who buy and sell directly, wholesale and retail, but also those who develop, warehouse, transport, insure, finance, or promote the product, or otherwise have a hand in the process of transfer† (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2008). Finally, the Marketing Management (14th ed) states that, â€Å"Marketing is about identifying and meeting human and social needs.One of the shortest good definitions of marketing is â€Å"meeting needs profitably† (Marketing Management, 2012). The concept of â€Å"meeting needs profitably† is true because at the end of the day that is the entire purpose of marketing. Spending money is a huge deal for any company and the way we spend â€Å"marketing dollars† can really make or break the product being sold. Although, behind the doors of marketing is a lot of planning and developing to make certain the target market buys into the brand and/or product being advertised.Marketing is a cost that a business must evaluate based off of the return on investment. The marketing plan a business develops really is what can make or break a business especially during start up. Once the business is up and running the marketing investments is just as important. However, at a certain point the research has been done and developed so marketing the next product is easier with the target market in place. An example of this would be each time a company such as Apple comes out with a new product.Apple has already established their brand name and has developed the customer base for their product. They will need to strategize about how they can expand their market, but overall they will be able to develop a sound budget based off the last results. Apple’s marketing has a lot to do with their success. Their marketing strateg y since 2007 has been something to talk about. It was stated that since 2007 Apple as been relying mostly on the media to create buzz about the products. They have also used their products for product placement for TV shows and Movies as marketing (Edwards, 2012).Theses different type of strategies is what takes place during the marketing mix. â€Å"McCarthy classified various marketing activities into marketing-mix tools of four broad kinds, which he called the four Ps of marketing: product, price, place, and promotion† (Marketing Management, 2012). These four Ps are what should be focused on when developing a solid marketing plan. A lot goes into the product first such as variety, quality, design, features, brand name, packaging, sizes, services, warranties, and returns (Marketing Management, 2012).Nike definitely used this first P in making sure they marketed an exclusive product. Nike, starting in 1962 hit the ground running with the idea to make a superior and exclusive product to serve athletes (Marketing Management, 2012). They chose a great product idea to potentially make a lot of money in the long run. Nike developed a superior product and backed it up with price, place, and promotional tactics. Eventually Nike began to hire on spokesmen that were athletes such as Michael Jordan in 1985 when he signed to the NBA as an up and coming rookie.This chance paid off for Nike making them over 100 million in sales the first year alone (Marketing Management, 2012). Having a solid marking plan has played important role for companies such as Apple and Nike. Although, there are some organizations that don’t make a profit and these non-profit organizations use these same tactics that Apple and Nike use as they understand the importance of marketing as well. This goes to show â€Å"meeting needs profitability† and most companies are out to make a profit even when â€Å"they are not†. References Edwards, J. (2012, April 5).Apple's Biggest Marketing Secret Was Revealed In Federal Court. In Business Insider. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from http://www. businessinsider. com/apples-biggest-marketing-secret-just-got-revealed-in-federal-court-2012-8 Kotler, P. & Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing management (14th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, (P. 2-29). Marketing. (2008). The Columbia Encyclopedia, 1. Perreault, W. D. Jr. , Cannon, J. P. , & McCarthy, E. J. (2011). Basic marketing: A marketing strategy planning approach (18th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

s Syndrome

Understanding and living with a child that has a syndrome is a heart breaking experience. Today over thousands of parents have to live with children that have down’s syndrome. Children are born frequently with this type of disorder. If someone close had a disorder would you understand what was going on or do you even know what I am talking about? In 1866 the study of Down’s syndrome began. Physician John Langdon Down published and essay in England. The essay talked about a set of children who all looked alike and had mental retardation. These children also looked like people from Mongolia. In 1960 the name Down’s Syndrome became know to people. In the twentieth century there was speculation of a case of Down’s Syndrome. In the 1930’s Waardenburg and Bleyer came up with the theory that it might be chromosomal abnormalities. Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs found the trisomy of the 21st chromosome. Jerome and Patricia worked separately on the project. A chromosome is a â€Å"thread-like structure composed of DNA and other proteins,† stated Len. Chromosomes are in every cell. They carry the gentic information to the cell to develop. â€Å"Genes, which are units of information, are ‘encoded’ in the DNA,† stated Len. A human is divided into mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is were the body grows. In mitosis one cell converts to two cells and has the exact number as there parents. Meiosis occurs in the ovaries and the testicles. The one cell will split into two cells. When this happens cells have half the chromosomes the parents have. Down’s syndrome or trisomy 21 is the most common autosomal trisomy. Mader stated â€Å"trisomy is having three of a particular type of chromosome,† and â€Å"autosomal is any chromosome other than the sex-determining pair.† Chromosome 21 usually has one copy and in Down’s Syndrome it has two. Down’s Syndrome has three copies in chromosome 21. In most cases the sperm had the extra 21 ch... 's Syndrome Free Essays on Down\'s Syndrome Understanding and living with a child that has a syndrome is a heart breaking experience. Today over thousands of parents have to live with children that have down’s syndrome. Children are born frequently with this type of disorder. If someone close had a disorder would you understand what was going on or do you even know what I am talking about? In 1866 the study of Down’s syndrome began. Physician John Langdon Down published and essay in England. The essay talked about a set of children who all looked alike and had mental retardation. These children also looked like people from Mongolia. In 1960 the name Down’s Syndrome became know to people. In the twentieth century there was speculation of a case of Down’s Syndrome. In the 1930’s Waardenburg and Bleyer came up with the theory that it might be chromosomal abnormalities. Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs found the trisomy of the 21st chromosome. Jerome and Patricia worked separately on the project. A chromosome is a â€Å"thread-like structure composed of DNA and other proteins,† stated Len. Chromosomes are in every cell. They carry the gentic information to the cell to develop. â€Å"Genes, which are units of information, are ‘encoded’ in the DNA,† stated Len. A human is divided into mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is were the body grows. In mitosis one cell converts to two cells and has the exact number as there parents. Meiosis occurs in the ovaries and the testicles. The one cell will split into two cells. When this happens cells have half the chromosomes the parents have. Down’s syndrome or trisomy 21 is the most common autosomal trisomy. Mader stated â€Å"trisomy is having three of a particular type of chromosome,† and â€Å"autosomal is any chromosome other than the sex-determining pair.† Chromosome 21 usually has one copy and in Down’s Syndrome it has two. Down’s Syndrome has three copies in chromosome 21. In most cases the sperm had the extra 21 ch...

Geography and Overview of Tsunamis

Geography and Overview of Tsunamis A tsunami is a series of ocean waves that are generated by large movements or other disturbances on the oceans floor. Such disturbances include volcanic eruptions, landslides, and underwater explosions, but earthquakes are the most common cause. Tsunamis can occur close to the shore or travel thousands of miles if the disturbance occurs in the deep ocean. Tsunamis are important to study because they are a natural hazard that can occur at any time in coastal areas around the world. In an effort to gain a more complete understanding of tsunamis and generate stronger warning systems, there are monitors throughout the worlds oceans to measure wave height and potential underwater disturbances. The Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific Ocean is one of the largest monitoring systems in the world and it is made up of 26 different countries and a series of monitors placed throughout the Pacific. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Honolulu, Hawaii collects and processes data gathered from these monitors and provides warnings throughout the Pacific Basin. Causes of Tsunamis Tsunamis are also called seismic sea waves because they are most commonly caused by earthquakes. Because tsunamis are caused mainly by earthquakes, they are most common in the Pacific Oceans Ring of Fire - the margins of the Pacific with many plate tectonic boundaries and faults that are capable of producing large earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In order for an earthquake to cause a tsunami, it must occur below the oceans surface or near the ocean and be a magnitude large enough to cause disturbances on the seafloor. Once the earthquake or other underwater disturbance occurs, the water surrounding the disturbance is displaced and radiates away from the initial source of the disturbance (i.e. the epicenter in an earthquake) in a series of fast-moving waves. Not all earthquakes or underwater disturbances cause tsunamis - they must be large enough to move a significant amount of material. In addition, in the case of an earthquake, its magnitude, depth, water depth and the speed at which the material moves all factor into whether or not a tsunami is generated. Tsunami Movement Once a tsunami is generated, it can travel thousands of miles at speeds of up to 500 miles per hour (805 km per hour). If a tsunami is generated in the deep ocean, the waves radiate out from the source of the disturbance and move toward land on all sides. These waves usually have a large wavelength and a short wave height so they are not easily recognized by the human eye in these regions. As the tsunami moves toward shore and the oceans depth decreases, its speed slows quickly and the waves begin to grow in height as the wavelength decreases (diagram) This is called amplification and it is when the tsunami is the most visible. As the tsunami reaches the shore, the trough of the wave hits first which appears as a very low tide. This is a warning that a tsunami is imminent. Following the trough, the peak of the tsunami comes ashore. The waves hit the land like a strong, fast tide, instead of a giant wave. Giant waves only occur if the tsunami is very large. This is called runup and it is when the most flooding and damage from the tsunami occurs as the waters often travel farther inland than normal waves would. Tsunami Watch Versus Warning Because tsunamis are not easily seen until they are close to shore, researchers and emergency managers rely on monitors that are located throughout the oceans that track slight changes in the height of waves. Whenever there is an earthquake with a magnitude greater than 7.5 in the Pacific Ocean, a Tsunami Watch is automatically declared by the PTWC if it was in a region capable of producing a tsunami. Once a tsunami watch is issued, PTWC watches tide monitors in the ocean to determine whether or not a tsunami was generated. If a tsunami is generated, a Tsunami Warning is issued and coastal areas are evacuated. In the case of deep ocean tsunamis, the public is normally given time to evacuate, but if it is a locally generated tsunami, a Tsunami Warning is automatically issued and people should immediately evacuate coastal areas. Large Tsunamis and Earthquakes Tsunamis occur all over the world and they cannot be predicted since earthquakes and other underwater disturbances occur without warning. The only tsunami prediction possible is the monitoring of waves after the earthquake has already happened. In addition, scientists today know where tsunamis are most likely to occur due to large events in the past. In March 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck near the coast of Sendai, Japan and generated a tsunami that devastated that region and caused damage thousands of miles away in Hawaii and the west coast of the United States. In December 2004, a major earthquake struck near the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia and generated a tsunami that damaged countries all over the Indian Ocean. In April 1946 a magnitude 8.1 earthquake struck near Alaskas Aleutian Islands and generated a tsunami that destroyed much of Hilo, Hawaii thousands of miles away. The PTWC was created in 1949 as a result. To learn more about tsunamis, visit the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Tsunami Website. References National Weather Service. (n.d.). Tsunami: The Great Waves. Retrieved from: weather.gov/om/brochures/tsunami.htmNatural Hazards Hawaii. (n.d.). Understanding the Difference Between a Tsunami Watch and Warning. University of Hawaii at Hilo. Retrieved from: uhh.hawaii.edu/~nat_haz/tsunamis/watchvwarning.phpUnited States Geological Survey. (22 October 2008). Life of a Tsunami. Retrieved from: http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/basics.htmlWikipedia.org. (28 March 2011). Tsunami - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tsunami

Two kinds by Amy Tan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two kinds by Amy Tan - Essay Example She struggles to mould her daughter into fame but her efforts fail as her daughter is rebellious and lacks interest in her mother’s initiatives. The narrator however believes that she can only be her personality and not her mother’s dreams (Tan 132- 143). The narrator and her mother have a strained relationship that exists in two scopes, maternal and mentorship scopes, and identifies their conflict. The narrator’s mother plays her parental role of establishing a basis for her child’s future but the narrator does not appreciate her mother’s efforts. She instead believes that she can only be herself and is rebellious to her mother’s initiatives. At the peak of their conflict, her mother hints to the possibility of a worse interpersonal relationship when she explains that there are â€Å"only two kinds of daughters,† â€Å"those who are obedient and those who follow their mind† (Tan 142). She then declares that Jing, the narrator, can only live in the house if she is obedient and Jing regrets, in her mother’s face, being her daughter. The narrator’s strained relationship with her mother is further identifiable in her domestic orientation in which she does not help her parents when called upon to do domestic chores, a behavior that her mother identifies as a problem (Tan 132- 143). The narrator also identifies a poor relationship with her mother in the mentorship role. She does not appreciate her mother’s ideas and even though she communicates her feelings and attitudes, her mother ignores these and insists that Jing must follow her path to success. This generates a conflict that the two characters fail to resolve amicably (Tan 142). The strained relationship between the narrator and her mother develops from the mother’s high expectations in her daughter and her desire that the child attain fame. The mother’s strong belief that all achievements are

Dominant Cultures and Subcultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dominant Cultures and Subcultures - Essay Example Subcultures are mainly possessed by minority groups in the society and, therefore, have little or no influence to the dominant culture. Understanding the impact of culture is essential since one is able to learn people’s behavior. In essence, understanding the impact of culture facilitates proper planning of activities. In addition, one can study the behavior of others and make a proper judgment regarding people’s ethics. There are various avenues where cultural differences are clearly shown in the society, for instance, on religious matters and social structures. In many instances, people in the society have varied religious faiths and believe in different social constructions. Dominant cultures seem to control the political, socio-cultural and economic structures in the society. These differences in cultural constructions stress the need for comprehensive studies on culture diversity in order to know how to live harmoniously in a cultural diversified society. In order to embrace cultural diversity, the society should accept all cultures and provide a common ground for both the dominant and subcultures. In addition, proper education structures should be developed so that members of the society can learn the importance of cultural diversity. In summary, cultural diversity is an important feature for steering development in any community. In this regard, diversity should be encouraged in all spheres of